• Dental Nursing and Public Health

Dental nurses are dental care professionals that provide assistance and support for clinical and non-clinical aspects of patient care. A dental nurse is able to work in all branches of dentistry like general dental practice and hospital and community services. Roles and responsibilities of dental nurses include: Performing infection control and decontamination procedures, handling dental materials, maintaining dental equipment and instruments and providing administrative support. Dental nurses should maintain ethical behavior for the profession, for the patient and for the community. Ethically, dental nurses should be motivated to maintain honor and integrity of the profession and support the dentist in proper patient treatment and welfare of the community. Dental nurse should perform only those dental works which they are entitled to perform. For the patients, the nurses should safeguard the welfare of patient regardless of sex, creed, race, economic standards, etc. Since patients are in close contact with the nurses, it is important for nurses to follow high ethical standards.

The embodiment of general wellbeing dentistry lies in the way that the range concentrates on a group or populace all in all and not singular patients. General wellbeing dental specialists work towardsadvancement of general oral and dental soundness of their groups. They teach patients to adjust to practices that may help enhance their general dental wellbeing over the long haul. General wellbeing dentistry likewise focuses on patient training, expanded consciousness of government projects and endeavors towards group dental wellbeing and health.

 

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• Orthodontics

Orthodontia is the branch of dentistry that is concerned with the correction, prevention and treatment of the malocclusion, improper bites and crooked teeth as well as abnormalities of the dento-facial region. The main objective of orthodontics can be explained by Jackson’s triad which includes: Structural balance; functional efficiency; and aesthetic harmony. Orthodontics can be performed in three ways by alteration in tooth position, skeletal patter and soft tissue pattern. In the recent advancements of orthodontics, introduction of cone beam CT scanning has proved to be revolutionizing in treatment planning and evaluation. Recently, passive self-ligating brackets are used which have the ability to reduce crowding and eliminating the need for extraction.

 

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• Prosthodontics

Prosthodontics is the branch of dentistry that deals with the designing, manufacturing, making and fitting of artificial replacements of missing part of the mouth. It also deals with the treatment planning, rehabilitation and maintenance of the oral parts functioning. Prosthodontics has four main branches: Removable prosthodontics; fixed prosthodontics; maxillofacial prosthodontics; and Implant prosthodontics. It is a form of restorative dentistry which deals with the treatment of multiple teeth at one time. Success in prosthodontics treatment requires a strong background in basic and clinical sciences along with excellent theoretical and technical skills as well as effective organizational capabilities. There are much recent advancements like use of CAD/CAM on fixed restoration; laser application in prosthetic dentistry and Stafne’s bone cavity and its utilization incomplete denature retention.

 

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• Restorative Dentistry

Restorative Dentistry which is also known as Oral Rehabilitation deals with the general dental needs of the oral cavity, the teeth and supporting structures of a patient suffering with initial or recurring decay; wearing a way of tooth structure, discoloration, erosion, abnormal spacing. The objective of restorative dentistry is to work along with dental and surgical specialists to deal with complex treatments like hypodontia, cleft lip, traumatic injuries, oral cancer, etc. In general, resins, glass ionomer cements and amalgam are used as different restorative materials but recently, nanomaterials are used as a major part of restorative dentistry treatment in material synthesis, biomimetic approaches and in tissue engineering.

 

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• Periodontology

Periodontology is the branch of dentistry that deals with the scientific study, diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the surrounding tissues (Gum, Alveolar mucosa, periodontal ligament, etc.) of teeth. There are various roles played by periodontium like: they resist and optimize the forces generated by speech, mastication and swallowing; adjust the structural changes associated with age and external environment by continuous regeneration and remodeling. Periodontology deals with diseases which can be classified into gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. The common symptoms of gingivitis are redness, edema and bleeding. Chronic periodontitis can cause inflammation and bone loss. These diseases can be treated with periodontal therapy which includes oral hygiene, scaling and root planning and with the usage of antimicrobials.

 

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• Dental Pain, Complications and Treatments

Dental Pain or Tooth Ache in and around the teeth is common problem for patients having poor oral hygiene or who have undergone dental procedures. Common problems associated with poor oral hygiene are dental caries, pulpitis, periapical abscess and trauma. Complications include sinusitis which results from untreated maxillary infection; and cavernous sinus thrombosis. These conditions require proper attention as they are life threatening. Complications after dental procedures are common and include dry socket, osteomyelitis, bleeding and osteonecrosis of jaw. Treatments for these complications include antibiotics, stitches, scrapping of damaged bones and antibacterial mouth rinses. Recent advancements in treatments include radiofrequency ablation, pain shots, opioids and muscle relaxants.

 

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• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Innovations

Oral and maxillofacial surgery includes diagnosis, surgery and treatment of defects, injuries and diseases mainly in the oral hard and soft tissues, head, neck, face and maxillofacial region i.e. jaws and face. Functions of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon may include dental replacements, jaw, oral and facial tumor diagnosis and removal, jaw and facial bone alignment, jaw reconstruction, etc. In the mid-1980s, CO₂ Laser was first introduced that gained immense popularity in the field of periodontology mainly because of ease of simultaneous photo-thermal ablation and coagulation. Recent innovations in oral and maxillofacial surgery include trans-oral robotic surgery and titanium miniplates in the field of guided maxillofacial surgery.

 

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• Dental Surgery and Innovations

Dental Surgery is a medical procedure involving artificial modification of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth and includes modification of jaw bones. Based on various reasons people opt for a dental surgery. There are different types of dental surgeries and most common among them is surgical extraction of teeth. Injuries may also warrant surgery which should be performed by a dental specialist in a clinic.

 

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Types:

Pulpotomy: Removal of a portion of the pulp along with the infected part in order to maintain the vitality of the remaining pulpal tissue.

Pulpectomy: Complete removal of pulp material from the pulp chamber and root canal.

Apicoectomy: Surgical procedure in which removal of tooth’s root tip, preparation of root end cavity and filling of biocompatibility material in it is performed when there is a failure in conventional root canal therapy.

Crowns or Caps: A covering (Crown/Cap) which is used to improve the appearance of tooth and to restore its strength, size and shape.

Veneers: Wafer-thin tooth colored artificial shells designed to cover the front surface of the teeth in order to provide a perfect appearance.

Bridges: A bridge consisting of a pontic along with abutment teeth on both the sides to fill the gap created by one or more missing teeth.

Dentures: Replacement of missing teeth by removable appliances.

Implants and implant-supported prosthesis: Dentures supported by implants on jaw bone in the complete absence of teeth.

Extraction: Removal of damaged or decayed tooth from its bone socket.

Fiberotomy: Surgical procedure designed to detach the fibres present around the tooth in order to reduce the tendency to relapse of tooth rotations corrected by dental treatments.

Periodontics: Dental specialty which focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases effecting gums and other supporting structures around the teeth.

Cosmetic Dental Surgery: Dental work performed majorly focusing on improvement of position, color, size and alignment to enhance the overall smile appearance.

• Dental Sleep Medicine

Dental sleep medicine is a branch of dental practice which deals with oral appliances that are worn in the mouth during sleep that prevents airway from collapsing by supporting jaw in a forward position in order to treat sleep disordered breathing like snoring and OSA. Other treatment options include Continuous Positive Airway Pressure/CPAP for sleep apnea and telegnathic surgery. People often prefer oral appliances because it is portable, quiet comfortable and easy to wear. Sleep disorders have severe consequences like automobile accidents, industrial accidents and overall reduction in productivity of an individual because of drowsiness. So, treatment of sleep disorders is crucial for the benefit of the individual and the community.

 

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• Oral Microbiology and Pathology

Oral microbiology is a science which deals with the oral micro biota and their interactions with the host. Oral bacteria utilize the ecological niche provided by gingival epithelium and tooth surface. Constant monitoring of bacterial colonization and prevention of bacterial invasions is done by the innate host defense system. Increase in bacterial colonization in the oral cavity leads to dental plaques and then causes dental caries and periodontal disease. Lack of oral hygiene and influential factors which effect the structure of microbial community leads to Oral diseases. To identify the main cause for the onset of oral diseases it is essential to understand the oral environment and microbial interactions.

 

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• Dental Material Sciences

In recent years, research in science and modern dentistry has been driven by developments in biomaterials science. A biomaterial is any substance or drug that has been designed to interact with a biological system for a therapeutic or medical cause. With the development of any new biocompatible materials, it can be used for the improvement of the presently existing materials characteristics that can in turn broaden the applications of biomaterials in dentistry field. The most commonly used biomaterials including dentin bonding, luting agent, glass ionomers and ceramics require a better understanding in multidisciplinary approach, for the development of new designs in order to get more satisfactory properties biologically and with improved biocompatibility.

 

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• Dental Products and Marketing

Dental products can be classified into various subcategories like diagnostics, drugs and pharmaceuticals, equipment and materials, whitening products, etc. Over the counter products include toothpaste, powered toothbrushes, manual toothbrushes, water pik devices and mouthwashes. The quality of treatment depends on the quality of product used for the treatment. Marketing is key to success for any business, and dentistry is not exception to that. Because of the boom in information technology, general dental patients are more aware of the options available to them; this makes marketing a challenge for both manufacturing companies and dentists for their respective products and services. Some platforms and methods used by manufacturing companies and dentists for marketing include: Website, search engine optimization, online reputation management and branding.

 

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• Dental Tools and Treatment Techniques

A phase change from traditional techniques to digital methods has massively advanced the dentistry field widening the scope of dental treatments and procedures. Robotic and digital dentistry, Dental radiography/informatics, Forensic dentistry, Laser applications, Imaging techniques for the craniofacial hard and soft tissues, Dental implants & occlusal analysis, etc. are some of the advanced tools and techniques used in digital dentistry.

 

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• Cosmetic Dentistry

Cosmetic Dentistry is improvisation of the appearance of the teeth, gums or bite. It mainly concentrates on the improvement of dental aesthetics in terms of color, size, alignment position, and overall smile appearance. Some of the latest techniques and products in cosmetic dentistry are Teeth Whitening, Bonding, Veneers, Crowns, Enamel Shaping and Contouring, Bridges, Braces, etc. Bonding makes use of tooth-collared amalgamated resin (plastic) to Implant Dentistry. Chipped, discolored, broken and decomposed teeth can be corrected with bonding technique. Teeth whitening procedure reduces pigments and improves the color of the teeth. Veneers, made of ceramic materials cover the front part of the teeth to change the shape of color. On the other hand crowns are caps which cover the entire tooth restoring a normal shape and size.

 

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• 3D Imaging and Digital Dentistry

3D Imaging is one of the most significant tools for orthodontists to evaluate and record size and form of craniofacial structures. Orthodontists regularly use 2-dimensional (2D) static imaging procedures, but deepness of structures cannot be acquired and restricted with 2D imaging. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has been developed in the early of 1990's and has gained a prized place in dentistry, particularly in orthodontics. In 3D diagnostic imaging, a series of anatomical records is gathered using certain technical equipment, processed by a computer and later presented on a 2D monitor to present the illusion of deepness.

Digital dentistry refers to the use of dental technologies or devices to carry out dental procedures rather than using mechanical or electrical tools. The use of digital dentistry can make carrying out dental procedures more efficient than using mechanical tools.

 

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• Diagnosis and Prevention of Oral Disease

The goal of dental care is to assist in the lifelong maintenance of a dentition that is functional, comfortable, and esthetic. In addition to public health and education efforts, much of dental care is focused on effective and efficient preventive and therapeutic management of the major clinical diseases: dental caries and periodontitis. For example, Dental caries begins from an over grows on specific bacteria that can mobilize fermentable carbohydrates and generate acids as waste products of their metabolism. Streptococci mutans and Lactobacillus are the two categories of bacteria convoluted in dental caries and are formed in the plaque biofilm on the tooth surface. Preventing oral disease is more cost-effective and brings better health outcomes than treating it.

 

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• Oral manifestations of systemic diseases

The oral cavity can exhibit manifestations of critical systemic disease and will be present as an indicator of complete health. While many disorders of the mouth are focused upon the direct action of plaque, the oral tissues can be subject to change or damage by the cause of disease that predominantly affects other body systems. Similarly, oral manifestations of systemic disease can be highly flexible in both frequency as well as presentation.

 

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• Nanotechnology in Dentistry

The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) to enhance the mechanical and physiological functions of the tooth via new nanofillers and composites should provide an enhanced capability for some areas of restorative dentistry. Nanotechnology is concerned with the physical, chemical, and biological properties of structures and their components at nanoscale dimensions. High understanding of materials and oral tissues combine at nanoscale has bring many researches for therapeutic dental applications, like fluoride release, drug delivery. For the public and patients, the Nano specific labeling on the many personal care products in dentistry can be improved to clearly evaluate the Nano ingredient(s). Thus, giving clarity on whether a product contains an ENM and what the proposed mode of action or benefit of the new product might be to the consumer.

 

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